Quechua Lesson 6

Quechua Lesson 6

Remember that in coming to Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and other places where this language is spoken, people are extremely pleased if you can talk with them in their own language, be it even on a simple level.

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Lesson 6 (suqta ñiqin yachay)

Verbs and conjugations

All verbs in Quechua are regular. There are no exceptions. There are of course the tenses as in almost any language: present, past, perfect, future and conditional.

person	present	perfect
I	muna-ni	muna-rqa-ni
we exl	muna-niku	muna-rqa-niku
we incl	muna-nchis	muna-rqa-nchis
you	muna-nki	muna-rqa-nki
wou pl	muna-nkichis	muna-rqa-nkichis
we/she/it	munan	muna-rqa
they	munanku	muna-rqa-ku

person	plusperfect	future
I	muna-sqa-ni	muna-saq
We excl	muna-sqa-niku	muna-saq-ku
We incl	muna-sqa-nchis	muna-su-nchis
you	muna-sqa-nki	muna-nki
You pl	muna-sqa-nkichis	muna-nkichis
He/her/it	muna-sqa	muna-nqa
they	muna-sqa-ku	muna-nqa-ku

person	conditional
I	muna-y-man
we excl	muna-y-man-ku
we incl	muna-y-man-chis
you	muna-nki-man
you pl	muna-nkichis-man
he/she/it	muna-n-man
they	muna-n-man-ku

Note: The present tense is also the immediate past tense and for ”you”, singular and plural, also identical with the future tense. The exact meaning has to be derived from the context.

Note: The perfect (I have loved) is the form for I have ….., completed in the past.

Note: the pluperfect tense (I had loved) in Quechua is mixed with the sense of surprise. Munasqani: I had loved? (I can’t/don’t believe it). Qusqani: I had given?

The perfect exists in a second form:

person	perfect 2nd form
I	muna-ra-ni
we excl	muna-ra-niku
we incl	muna-ra-nchis
you	muna-ra-nki
you pl	muna-ra-nkichis
he/she/it	muna-ra
they	muna-ra-ku

It depends on the dialect spoken which form is used. In Cusco this second form is commonly used.

The verb munay means to love, but not necessarily hinting at sexual love. For to fall in love the verb kuyay is used. Do you love me: kuyawankichu? Yes, I do: arí, anchata kuyayki! There is another verb for to love: waylluy. It is used more to express that you love something, or an animal. Wayllusankichu allochallaykita? Do you love your dear little dog?

The command form is as following:

Riy = to go

Command form sing.	Ri-y!
Command form plural	Ri-ychis!
We (let’s go)	Ri-sun
You (have to go)	Ri-nki
You pl	Ri-nkichis
He/she	Ri-chun
They	Ri-chun-ku

The command forms Ri-y! and Ri-ychis! stand for: Go! (singular and plural). The other forms are more friendly and translate as admonitions: Risun! Let us go. Ri-chun, let him go, or he should go.

Note:The form “Let‘s go” also exits in a special idiomatic expression: Haku or sometimes spoken as haku-nchis, let us go, or we must go now. On a trek in the mountain the guide could say this: haku(nchis)! Let’s go on!

In a negative command, in stead of mana the form ama is used. The negatieve marker –chu is added as usual.: ama hamuychu, don’t come! Or ama riychischu: you (pl) don’t go! Or: ama puklla-sun-chu: let’s not play (pukkla-y means to play. So: Let the children play: warmakunaqa pukllachunku! Or: Let the children come! Warmakunaqa hamuchun!

Note again that the verb with a plural subject may be conjugated in a singular form: runakuna hamusan, the men are coming, but also hamusunku is correct. this is quite common in Quechua. When from the form of the subject it is clear that a plural form is used, the verb can be conjugated in the singular form. This applies only to the 3rd person!

Subject/Object conjugations

In Quechua exists a form of the verb where subject and object are included in the conjugation. This is in western languages quite uncommon. It means that one can say in a single conjugated verb form a whole sentence with subject, verb and object. For instance, kuyayki means that the stem kuya- from the verb kuya-y (to love) is conjugated with one conjugation that has in it the meaning of “I to you”. This form –yki comes back in muna-yki, qo-yki etcetera. Munayki means: I love you. Quyki means: I give you, from the verb qu-y This seems difficult, but there is a logic to it. If you understand the logic, it is quite easy.

The forms are as follows:

Subject-object relation	present	perfect
I > you	munayki	munarqayki
I > you pl	munaykichis	munarqaykichis
We > you	munaykiku	munarqaykiku
We > you pl	munaykiku	munarqaykiku
you > me	munawanki	munawarqanki
you sing/pl > us	munawankiku	munawarqankiku
you pl > me	munawankichis	muanwarqankichis
he > me	munawan	munawarqa
he/they > us excl	munawanku	munawarqanku
he/they > us incl	munawanchis	munawarqanchis
he > you	munasunki	munarqasunki
he/they > you pl	munasunkichis	munarqasunkichis
they > you	munasunkiku	munarqasunkiku
they > you pl	munasunkichis	munawarqasunkichis

The logic behind it is:

I to you: -yki and plural –ykichis.

We to you: ykiku and plural the same.

You to me/us: -wa-nki and plural wa-nkiku or wa-nkichis. –wa- means: to me.

He to me/us: -wa-n and plural wa-nku or –wa-nchis. –wa- means: to me

He/they to you: -su-nki and plural –su-kiku or sunkichis. –su- means to you.

You can learn this by heart or see the logic of it. This scheme is the reason to put the order of persons different than normal.

You may have noticed that the list is not complete. This is true. There are no forms for I and you (singular and plural) as subject, and he/she/they as object. In that case the standard form is used: I love him: payta munani. Or: I would give to them: paykunata quyman.

If this all seems too much, just learn the forms for I to you, You to me and He to me and for the rest you can use forms with prepositions. That will suit better to the way you normally construct a sentence. You can say: qamta munani: I love you, and Quechua speakers will most of the time understand you, even when it is not proper Quechua, but just for these forms try to use the proper forms: like munayki. This is easier as you know by now the literal meaning of the word, while it is also attached to the muna-yki rites.

To be more or less complete I will give also the forms for the future tense and the conditional:

Subject-object relation	future	conditional
I > you	munasayki	munaykiman
I > you pl	munasay kichis	munaykichisman
we > you	munaykiku	munaymanku
we > you pl	munaykiku	munaykichisman
you > me	munawanki	munawankiman
you sng/pl > us	munawankiku	munawankimanku
you pl > me	munawankichis	munawankichisman
he > me	munawanqa	munawanman
he/they > us excl	munawanqaku	munawanmanku
he/they > us incl	munawasunchis	munawanman
he > you	munasunki	munasunkiman
he/they > you pl	munasunkichis	munasunkichisman
they > you	munasunkiku	munasunkikuman
they > you pl	munasunkichis	munasunkichisman

As you look through these verb forms, you may mention that sometimes singular and plural are the same. If this causes trouble one can always use a form with a preposition like payman, to him or qamkunaman, to you (pl).